How are some old buildings designated as 'historic buildings'? (Who decides? On what basis?)

The designation of old buildings as 'historic buildings' is a multifaceted process that typically involves governmental or specialized heritage organizations. The criteria for this designation can vary by country, but generally, it is predicated on factors such as architectural significance, historical importance, cultural value, and the building's association with significant events or individuals. Expert panels—comprised of historians, architects, and archaeologists—often assess these parameters through rigorous evaluation processes. This designation not only aims to preserve the structure itself but also seeks to safeguard the socio-cultural narratives that these buildings embody. Additionally, public input may be solicited, as the community's connection to the site can be an important factor. Consequently, the process is both an analytical and a subjective endeavor, reflecting a society’s values and its collective memory.